Vitalik Buterin's Dec. 31, 2025 Essay Urges Mandated Tech Diffusion

On December 31, 2025, Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin surfaced a long-form essay arguing that economies of scale are amplifying institutional power. He advocates mandated technology diffusion and adversarial interoperability to restore checks. Ethereum activity reached 2.2 million transactions on December 29, with average fees at 17 cents after recent upgrades.